VMS Help  —  TYPE
    Displays the contents of a file or group of files on the current
    output device.

    Format

      TYPE  filespec[,...]

1  –  Parameter

 filespec[,...]

    Specifies one or more files to be displayed. If you specify a
    file name and not a file type, the file type defaults to .LIS;
    however, you can specify a different default file type with the
    TYPE$DEFAULT_FILESPEC logical name. The TYPE command displays all
    files that satisfy the file description.

    The asterisk (*)  and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters
    are allowed in place of the directory name, file name, file type,
    or file version number field. If you specify more than one file,
    separate the file specifications with commas (,)  or plus signs
    (+).  The files are displayed in the order listed.

2  –  Qualifiers

2.1    /BACKUP

    Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the
    /SINCE qualifier. The /BACKUP qualifier selects files according
    to the dates of their most recent backups. This qualifier
    is incompatible with the /CREATED, /EXPIRED, and /MODIFIED
    qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according
    to time attributes. If you specify none of these four time
    qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.

2.2    /BEFORE

       /BEFORE[=time]

    Selects only those files dated prior to the specified time. You
    can specify time as absolute time, as a combination of absolute
    and delta times, or as one of the following keywords: BOOT,
    LOGIN, TODAY (default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY. Specify one of
    the following qualifiers with the /BEFORE qualifier to indicate
    the time attribute to be used as the basis for selection:
    /BACKUP, /CREATED (default), /EXPIRED, or /MODIFIED.

    For complete information on specifying time values, see the
    OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic Date.

2.3    /BY_OWNER

       /BY_OWNER[=uic]

    Selects only those files whose owner user identification code
    (UIC) matches the specified owner UIC. The default UIC is that of
    the current process.

    Specify the UIC by using standard UIC format as described in the
    VSI OpenVMS Guide to System Security.

2.4    /CONFIRM

       /CONFIRM
       /NOCONFIRM (default)

    Controls whether a request is issued before each typing operation
    to confirm that the operation should be performed on that file.
    The following responses are valid:

    YES      NO       QUIT
    TRUE     FALSE    Ctrl/Z
    1        0        ALL
             <Return>

    You can use any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters
    for word responses. Word responses can be abbreviated to one or
    more letters (for example, T, TR, or TRU for TRUE), but these
    abbreviations must be unique. Affirmative answers are YES, TRUE,
    and 1. Negative answers include: NO, FALSE, 0, and pressing
    Return. Entering QUIT or pressing Ctrl/Z indicates that you want
    to stop processing the command at that point. When you respond by
    entering ALL, the command continues to process, but no further
    prompts are given. If you type a response other than one of
    those in the list, DCL issues an error message and redisplays
    the prompt.

2.5    /CONTINUOUS

       /CONTINUOUS/INTERVAL=n

    Upon reaching the end of a file, TYPE waits a specified number
    of seconds (the default is 30) then displays any records which
    have been added to the file and returns to the wait state. TYPE
    continues until either Ctrl/C or Ctrl/Y is entered by the user.

2.6    /CREATED

       /CREATED (default)

    Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
    qualifier. The /CREATED qualifier selects files based on their
    dates of creation. This qualifier is incompatible with the
    /BACKUP, /EXPIRED, and /MODIFIED qualifiers, which also allow
    you to select files according to time attributes. If you specify
    none of these four time qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED
    qualifier.

2.7    /EXACT

    Use with the /PAGE=SAVE and /SEARCH qualifiers to specify a
    search string that must match the search string exactly and must
    be enclosed with quotation marks (" ").

    If you specify the /EXACT qualifier without the /SEARCH
    qualifier, exact search mode is enabled when you set the search
    string with the Find (E1) key.

2.8    /EXCLUDE

       /EXCLUDE=(filespec[,...])

    Excludes the specified files from the type operation. You can
    include a directory but not a device in the file specification.
    The asterisk (*)  and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters
    are allowed in the file specification; however, you cannot use
    relative version numbers to exclude a specific version. If you
    specify only one file, you can omit the parentheses.

2.9    /EXPIRED

    Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
    qualifier. The /EXPIRED qualifier selects files according to
    their expiration dates. (The expiration date is set with the
    SET FILE/EXPIRATION_DATE command.) The /EXPIRED qualifier
    is incompatible with the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /MODIFIED
    qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according
    to time attributes. If you specify none of these four time
    qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.

2.10    /HEADER

       /HEADER
       /NOHEADER

    Specifies whether a header line is placed at the top of each file
    that is displayed with the TYPE /PAGE=SAVE command.

2.11    /HIGHLIGHT

       /HIGHLIGHT[=keyword]

    Use with the /PAGE=SAVE and /SEARCH qualifiers to specify the
    type of highlighting you want when a search string is found. When
    a string is found, the entire line is highlighted. You can use
    the following keywords: BOLD, BLINK, REVERSE, and UNDERLINE. BOLD
    is the default highlighting.

2.12    /MODIFIED

    Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
    qualifier. The /MODIFIED qualifier selects files according to
    the dates on which they were last modified. This qualifier
    is incompatible with the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /EXPIRED
    qualifiers, which also allow you to select files according
    to time attributes. If you specify none of these four time
    modifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.

2.13    /OUTPUT

       /OUTPUT[=filespec]
       /NOOUTPUT

    Controls where the output of the command is sent. If you
    specify the /OUTPUT=filespec qualifier, the output is sent to
    the specified file, rather than to the current output device,
    SYS$OUTPUT. If you do not enter the qualifier, or if you enter
    the /OUTPUT qualifier without a file specification, the output is
    sent to SYS$OUTPUT.

    If you enter the /OUTPUT qualifier with a partial file
    specification (for example, /OUTPUT=[VAKHRAMEEV]), TYPE is
    the default file name and .LIS the default file type. The file
    specification cannot include the asterisk (*)  and the percent
    sign (%)  wildcard characters.

    If you enter the /NOOUTPUT qualifier, output is suppressed.

    The /OUTPUT qualifier is incompatible with the /PAGE qualifier.

2.14    /PAGE

       /PAGE[=keyword]
       /NOPAGE (default)

    Controls the display of information on the screen.

    You can use the following keywords with the /PAGE qualifier:

    CLEAR_SCREEN   Clears the screen before each page is displayed.

    SCROLL         Displays information one line at a time.

    SAVE[=n]       Enables screen navigation of information, where n
                   is the number of pages to store.

    The /PAGE=SAVE qualifier allows you to navigate through screens
    of information. The /PAGE=SAVE qualifier stores up to 5 screens
    of up to 255 columns of information. When you use the /PAGE=SAVE
    qualifier, you can use the following keys to navigate through the
    information:

    Key Sequence              Description

    Up arrow key, Ctrl/B      Scroll up one line.
    Down arrow key            Scroll down one line.
    Left arrow key            Scroll left one column.
    Right arrow key           Scroll right one column.
    Find (E1)                 Specify a string to find when the
                              information is displayed.
    Insert Here (E2)          Scroll right one half screen.
    Remove (E3)               Scroll left one half screen.
    Select (E4)               Toggle 80/132 column mode.
    Prev Screen (E5)          Get the previous page of information.
    Next Screen (E6),         Get the next page of information.
    Return, Enter, Space
    F10, Ctrl/Z               Exit. (Some utilities define these
                              differently.)
    Help (F15)                Display utility help text.
    Do (F16)                  Toggle the display to oldest/newest
                              page.
    Ctrl/W                    Refresh the display.
    N                         Display the next file (when more than
                              one file is specified with the TYPE
                              command)
    Q                         Quit displaying output from the TYPE
                              command.

    The /PAGE qualifier is not compatible with the /OUTPUT qualifier.

2.15    /SEARCH

       /SEARCH="string"

    Use with the /PAGE=SAVE qualifier to specify a string that you
    want to find in the information being displayed. Quotation marks
    are required for the /SEARCH qualifier, if you include spaces in
    the text string.

    You can also dynamically change the search string by pressing the
    Find key (E1) while the information is being displayed. Quotation
    marks are not required for a dynamic search.

2.16    /SINCE

       /SINCE[=time]

    Selects only those files dated on or after the specified time.
    You can specify time as absolute time, as a combination of
    absolute and delta times, or as one of the following keywords:
    BOOT, JOB_LOGIN, LOGIN, TODAY (default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY.
    Specify one of the following qualifiers with the /SINCE qualifier
    to indicate the time attribute to be used as the basis for
    selection: /BACKUP, /CREATED (default), /EXPIRED, or /MODIFIED.

    For complete information on specifying time values, see the
    OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic Date.

2.17    /STYLE

       /STYLE=keyword

    Specifies the file name format for display purposes while typing
    files.

    The valid keywords for this qualifier are CONDENSED and EXPANDED.
    Descriptions are as follows:

    Keyword     Explanation

    CONDENSED   Displays the file name representation of what is
    (default)   generated to fit into a 255-length character string.
                This file name may contain a DID or FID abbreviation
                in the file specification.
    EXPANDED    Displays the file name representation of what is
                stored on disk. This file name does not contain any
                DID or FID abbreviations.

    The keywords CONDENSED and EXPANDED are mutually exclusive. This
    qualifier specifies which file name format is displayed in the
    output message, along with the confirmation if requested.

    File errors are displayed with the CONDENSED file specification
    unless the EXPANDED keyword is specified.

    See the OpenVMS User's Manual for more information.

2.18    /SYMLINK

       /SYMLINK=keyword

    The valid keywords for this qualifier are [NO]WILDCARD and
    [NO]ELLIPSIS. Descriptions are as follows:

    Keyword     Explanation

    WILDCARD    Indicates that symlinks are enabled during wildcard
                searches.
    NOWILDCARD  Indicates that symlinks are disabled during directory
                wildcard searches.
    ELLIPSIS    Equivalent to WILDCARD (included for command
                symmetry).
    NOELLIPSIS  Indicates that symlinks are matched for all wildcard
                fields except for ellipsis.

    If the file named in the TYPE command is a symlink, the command
    operates on the symlink target.

2.19    /TAIL

       /TAIL[=n]

    Displays the last several lines of a log file. The value, n,
    defaults to p-2 where p is the current terminal page length. You
    can use TYPE/TAIL only if all of the following criteria are true:

    o  File organization is sequential.

    o  The longest record is less than 512 bytes.

    o  The record format is either VAR, VFC, STM, STRCM or STMLF
       (for more information, see the description of FAB$B_RFM in the
       OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual).

    o  The file being typed is on a device that supports random
       access. The TYPE/TAIL command does not work on magnetic tape
       drives.

    Even with this criteria, some file conditions cannot be
    anticipated and may not allow display of the last several lines
    of a log file, resulting in the following error message:

    %TYPE-W-READERR, error reading DEVICE:[DIRECTORY]FILE.EXT;1
    -SYSTEM-E-UNSUPPORTED, unsupported operation or function

2.20    /WRAP

       /WRAP
       /NOWRAP (default)

    Use with the /PAGE=SAVE qualifier to limit the number of columns
    to the width of the screen and to wrap lines that extend beyond
    the width of the screen to the next line.

    The /NOWRAP qualifier extends lines beyond the width of the
    screen and can be seen when you use the scrolling (left and
    right) features provided by the /PAGE=SAVE qualifier.

3  –  Examples

    1.$ TYPE COMMON.DAT

      In this example, the TYPE command requests that the file
      COMMON.DAT be displayed at the terminal.

    2.$ TYPE *.DAT
      This is the first line in the file AA.DAT.
         .
         .
         .
 <Ctrl/O>

      This is the first line in the file BB.DAT.
         .
         .
         .

 <Ctrl/Y>

      Interrupt
      $ STOP

      In this example, the TYPE command contains an asterisk (*)
      wildcard character in place of the file name. All files with
      file types of .DAT are scheduled for display. When Ctrl/O is
      pressed, output of the current file stops and the TYPE command
      begins displaying the next file. The Ctrl/Y function interrupts
      the command; the STOP command terminates the TYPE command.

    3.$ TYPE LETTER*.MEM
      December 14, 2002
         .
         .
         .

 <Ctrl/Y>

      Interrupt
      $ SHOW TIME
       14-DEC-2002 15:48:07
      $ CONTINUE
      Sincerely yours,
         .
         .
         .

      In this example, the TYPE command displays all files whose
      names begin with the word LETTER and have the file type .MEM.
      While the files are being displayed, the user presses Ctrl/Y
      to interrupt the TYPE operation and to display the time. After
      entering the SHOW TIME command, the user enters the CONTINUE
      command to resume the TYPE operation.

    4.$ TYPE/OUTPUT=SAVETEXT.TXT *.TXT

      In this example, the TYPE command writes all TXT files in your
      default directory to a file called SAVETEXT.TXT (also in your
      default directory).

    5.$ TYPE MEXICO::NOTICE.TEXT/OUTPUT=TEMP.TEXT

      In this example, the TYPE command requests that the file
      NOTICE.TEXT at remote node MEXICO be written to the output
      file TEMP.TEXT on the local node, rather than to SYS$OUTPUT.

    6.$ TYPE SECSYS"FILES OFFICEFIL"::"TASK=SHOWUSERS"

              VAX/VMS Interactive Users
                 14-DEC-2002 17:20:13.30
          Total number of interactive users = 5
       Username     Process Name      PID     Terminal
       MIRANDA      Sec1           00536278   TXA1:
       JESSICA      Sec2           00892674   VTA2:
       EMILY        Sec3           00847326   TXA3:
       ANDREW       Sec4           02643859   RTA1:
       BRIAN        System Mangr   00007362   VTA1:

      In this example, the TYPE command executes the command
      procedure SHOWUSERS.COM found in the SYS$LOGIN directory of
      user FILES on remote node SECSSYS. The output of the TYPE
      command then is displayed at the local node.
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